Stenford universiteti psixologi Kerol Duek odamlarni ikki xil fikrlash tarziga ajratgan. “Qotib qolgan mindset”: aql va qobiliyat tug'ma, o'zgarmaydi. “O'sish mindseti” (growth mindset): qobiliyat mehnat, to'g'ri strategiya va yordam orqali rivojlanadi. Duekning fikricha, ikkinchi tarzda fikrlaydigan o'quvchilar qiyinchilikdan qochmaydi va xatoni o'rganish imkoniyati deb ko'radi.

Katta tajriba

2019-yilda Nature jurnalida Devid Yeyger va hamkasblarining AQSh bo'ylab o'tkazilgan tadqiqoti chiqdi. To'qqizinchi sinf o'quvchilari bir soatdan kam vaqt oladigan qisqa onlayn mashg'ulotdan o'tishdi: miya mashq bilan qanday o'sishi haqida o'qib, mulohaza yozishdi.

Natija: o'zlashtirishi past bo'lgan o'quvchilarning baholari sezilarli oshdi. Kuchli va kuchsiz o'quvchilar keyingi yil qiyinroq matematika kurslarini tanlashga ko'proq moyil bo'lishdi. Lekin eng muhim jihati — ta'sir maktab muhitiga bog'liq bo'lgan: qiyin vazifalarni olish odatiy hol bo'lgan maktablarda natija eng yaxshi bo'lgan.

Mindset — urug'. U faqat qulay tuproqda unadi.

Ehtiyot bo'lish kerak bo'lgan joy

Mindset g'oyasi ba'zan “shunchaki ishon — hammasi bo'ladi” degan shiorga aylantiriladi. Tadqiqotlar buni tasdiqlamaydi: ta'sir odatda kichik va hamma uchun bir xil emas. Ishonch o'z-o'zidan yetarli emas — unga to'g'ri usul, mashq va yordam qo'shilishi kerak.

Amalda

• “Hali” so'zini qo'shing. “Men buni bilmayman” emas — “men buni hali bilmayman”.
• Xatoni tahlil qiling. Har xato testdan keyin: nimani noto'g'ri tushundim?
• Strategiyani o'zgartiring. Ko'proq urinish yetmasa — boshqacha urinib ko'ring.
• Yordam so'rang. O'qituvchi yoki do'st bilan muhokama — o'sishning bir qismi.

Manba: Yeager va boshq., “A national experiment reveals where a growth mindset improves achievement”, Nature, 2019; C. Dweck, Mindset, 2006. Matn — o'zbek tilidagi erkin qisqacha bayon.

Stanford psychologist Carol Dweck describes two ways of thinking. A “fixed mindset”: intelligence and ability are innate and do not change. A “growth mindset”: ability develops through effort, good strategies and help from others. According to Dweck, students who think the second way do not avoid challenges and see mistakes as a chance to learn.

A big experiment

In 2019, Nature published a nationwide US study by David Yeager and colleagues. Ninth graders completed a short online lesson that took less than an hour: they read about how the brain grows with practice and wrote reflections.

The result: the grades of lower-achieving students rose noticeably, and both stronger and weaker students became more likely to choose harder maths courses the following year. The key detail is that the effect depended on the school: it was strongest where taking on challenging work was the norm among peers.

A mindset is a seed. It only grows in good soil.

Where to be careful

The idea is sometimes turned into a slogan: “just believe and it will happen”. The research does not support that. Effects are usually small and not the same for everyone. Belief alone is not enough; it has to come with the right methods, practice and support.

In practice

• Add the word “yet”. Not “I do not know this”, but “I do not know this yet”.
• Analyse your mistakes. After every practice test: what did I misunderstand?
• Change the strategy. If trying harder does not work, try differently.
• Ask for help. Talking it through with a teacher or friend is part of growing.

Source: Yeager et al., “A national experiment reveals where a growth mindset improves achievement”, Nature, 2019; C. Dweck, Mindset, 2006. Text: a free summary.